Executive Summary

This research report examines the international digital labour market to assess its potential for improving livelihoods of vulnerable populations, particularly youth and women, in regions facing economic and social challenges. The analysis focuses on employment opportunities within the gig economy, the required digital skills, and barriers to access for at-risk groups. The study is informed by two pilots conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Moldova, desk research, and stakeholder interviews.

Key Findings

1. Digital Freelance Market Insights:

• The global digital freelance market is valued at $4.39 billion (2022) and expected to grow at 16.5% annually until 2030.

• Generative AI is reducing demand for some roles, but jobs requiring creativity and human nuance remain stable.

• High-value opportunities exist in software development, graphic design, and business services, but these require advanced skills. Low-skill micro-tasks pay minimal wages and may pose risks such as exposure to harmful content.

• Medium-value opportunities in virtual assistance, copywriting and translation services exist on most platforms and require competence in basic digital tools.

2. Barriers to Entry:

• Limited access to reliable internet, electricity, and devices restrict participation, particularly in countries like DRC.

• Women in vulnerable contexts often face additional challenges, including low self-confidence, lack of childcare and risks of exploitation and discrimination by male colleagues.

3. Platform and Payment Analysis:

• The dominant platforms are Upwork (31% market share), Fiverr (16%), and Freelancer (2%). Some platforms, such as Codeur, cater to non-English speakers, but most require competence in business English. All require reliable internet access, to access the platform, but some tasks can be taken offline.

• Payment options sometimes exclude emerging markets and developing economies, further limiting access for participants.

4. Training Needs:

• Essential skills include proficiency in basic digital tools, such as document processing, spreadsheets and email, platform navigation, digital marketing and online safety.

• Advanced skills for higher-paying roles include programming, graphic design and audio video production.

Recommendations

• Training: Implement hybrid learning programs combining online modules with in-person support.

• Targeted Interventions: Prioritise roles accessible via smartphones and support women through safe, flexible work environments.

• Platform Accessibility: Advocate for region-specific payment solutions and infrastructure improvements to expand access. Users with variable internet connectivity can seek work that can be done offline, such as copywriting, which can be uploaded once the task is complete and a stable connection has been established.

• Policy and Safeguarding: Develop guidelines to minimise exploitation and ensure that online opportunities empower, rather than endanger, vulnerable populations.

This report underscores the potential of the digital gig economy as a tool for economic empowerment if access barriers are systematically addressed through training, infrastructure investment, and targeted policy interventions.